Australia

1788 – 1913

Australia began as a British penal colony with the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788. Over time, free settlers joined, leading to the development of cities and the expansion of agriculture and mining. The discovery of gold in the 1850s sparked a gold rush, bringing wealth and new immigrants. This period also saw significant impacts on Indigenous peoples, including displacement and conflict. By 1901, the colonies united to form the Commonwealth of Australia, paving the way for modern nationhood.